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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
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X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
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Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering
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Dynamics in shear flow studied by X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy.

S Busch1, T H Jensen, Y Chushkin

  • 1Physik Department, TU München, Garching bei München, Germany.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|April 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) reveals particle dynamics in shear flow. This method effectively measures diffusive motion in complex fluids with minimal X-ray beam damage, especially at higher q values.

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Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Colloidal science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Understanding the dynamics of colloidal particles in complex fluids is crucial for various scientific fields.
  • Characterizing particle motion under shear flow presents unique challenges due to combined diffusive and convective effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To employ X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) to measure the diffusive dynamics of colloidal particles subjected to shear flow.
  • To demonstrate that XPCS can disentangle diffusive and convective motions, particularly at low shear rates.
  • To highlight the advantages of XPCS over traditional X-ray methods for studying soft matter and biological fluids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) to analyze intensity autocorrelation functions.
  • Applying shear flow to colloidal particle suspensions.
  • Analyzing data at various scattering vector (q) values.

Main Results:

  • Intensity autocorrelation functions successfully captured both diffusive and flow-induced convective motion.
  • The diffusive dynamics of particles could be isolated in the low shear rate limit.
  • XPCS demonstrated suitability for studying dynamical properties of complex soft-matter and biological fluids.
  • Higher q values facilitate easier measurement of diffusive dynamics compared to visible light photon correlation spectroscopy.

Conclusions:

  • XPCS is a powerful technique for characterizing particle dynamics in shear flow, offering insights into complex fluid behavior.
  • The method minimizes X-ray-induced beam damage, a significant advantage for delicate samples.
  • XPCS provides a viable pathway for studying dynamical properties of soft matter and biological systems, particularly at higher q values.