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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

[Headache in children.].

R Pothmann1

  • 1Neuropädiatrische Abteilung und Schmerzambulanz Kinderklink, Heusnerstraße 40, D-5600, Wuppertal 2.

Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)
|March 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Childhood headaches, including migraines, are common, affecting up to 70% of adolescents. Effective treatments range from acute analgesics to prophylactic strategies like beta-blockers and non-pharmacological methods.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Headache Medicine

Context:

  • Idiopathic headaches are highly prevalent in schoolchildren, with migraines affecting 10-20% of adolescents.
  • Migraine in children differs from adults, often lacking hemisymptomatic presentation and having shorter attack durations.

Purpose:

  • To review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of headaches, particularly migraines, in children.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of various acute and prophylactic treatments for pediatric migraines and tension headaches.

Summary:

  • Diagnostic studies for pediatric headaches typically involve neurological examination and electroencephalography.
  • Acute migraine treatment includes environmental isolation, analgesics (acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol), and antiemetics; ergotamine for refractory cases.

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Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography
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Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

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An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
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An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System

Published on: January 12, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography
08:00

Studying Brain Function in Children Using Magnetoencephalography

Published on: April 8, 2019

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
07:02

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System

Published on: January 12, 2011

  • Prophylactic options include propranolol, metoprolol, flunarizine, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid, and non-pharmacological methods like acupuncture and behavioral therapies.

    • Impact:

    • Understanding childhood headache patterns and treatment efficacy is crucial for managing long-term prognosis, as 60% of children with migraine continue to experience it as adults.
    • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and behavioral therapies show promise for tension headache management in children.