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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug binding...

Liver Physiology

Liver Physiology

The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

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In pharmacotherapy, monitoring drug concentrations is paramount, especially for drugs whose therapeutic effects hinge on both the active compound and its metabolite. Hepatic impairment profoundly influences drug potency by altering liver function. If the drug is more potent than its metabolite, impaired liver function amplifies drug activity due to elevated drug concentration levels. Conversely, if the metabolite holds greater potency, diminished liver function diminishes drug activity by...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

The Use of Gas Chromatography to Analyze Compositional Changes of Fatty Acids in Rat Liver Tissue during Pregnancy

The Use of Gas Chromatography to Analyze Compositional Changes of Fatty Acids in Rat Liver Tissue during Pregnancy

Published on: March 13, 2014

Pregnancy and liver disease.

¹University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Health Center, Gastroenterology Section 111D, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. gsu@umich.edu

Current Gastroenterology Reports

|April 18, 2008

Summary

Liver disease in pregnancy, though rare, poses risks. Advances in understanding intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP) and acute fatty liver of pregnancy are improving outcomes.

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Obstetrics
Perinatology

Background:

Liver diseases during pregnancy, while infrequent, can lead to severe maternal and fetal complications.
Molecular genetics advances illuminate the pathogenesis of pregnancy-specific liver conditions like intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (IHCP) and acute fatty liver of pregnancy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding and management strategies for liver diseases in pregnancy.
To highlight the role of serum bile acid levels in predicting fetal outcomes in IHCP.
To discuss potential interventions for reducing perinatal transmission of hepatitis B.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent advances in molecular genetics and clinical studies.
Analysis of randomized trials investigating ursodeoxycholic acid for IHCP.

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Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

The Use of Gas Chromatography to Analyze Compositional Changes of Fatty Acids in Rat Liver Tissue during Pregnancy

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Published on: March 13, 2014

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Examination of strategies for managing viral hepatitis in pregnant individuals.

Main Results:

Serum bile acid levels are significant predictors of fetal outcomes in IHCP.
Ursodeoxycholic acid demonstrates efficacy in alleviating maternal symptoms and reducing serum bile acid levels in IHCP.
Early interventions to lower viral loads may decrease perinatal hepatitis B transmission.

Conclusions:

Advances in understanding IHCP and acute fatty liver of pregnancy offer improved management options.
Serum bile acid monitoring is crucial for assessing fetal risk in IHCP.
Proactive management of viral hepatitis in pregnancy can mitigate perinatal transmission risks.