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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Thyroid hormone transporters in the brain.

Takehiro Suzuki1, Takaaki Abe

  • 1Division Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.

Cerebellum (London, England)
|April 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone is vital for development, and its transport across cell membranes is crucial. Specific transporters like Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) are essential for thyroid hormone action, with mutations causing severe developmental issues.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone is critical for mammalian development, particularly the central nervous system.
  • Hypothyroidism, especially in neonates, can lead to severe developmental abnormalities like mental retardation.
  • Thyroid hormone action is mediated by deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), which binds to nuclear receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of thyroid hormone transport across the plasma membrane.
  • To identify specific transporters involved in thyroid hormone uptake into cells.
  • To understand the implications of impaired thyroid hormone transport on neurological development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid hormone transport.
  • Identification and characterization of various transporter families (e.g., oatp, ntcp, amino acid transporters).
  • Focus on the role of Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) in thyroid hormone transport.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormones cross the plasma membrane via a specific transport system, not just simple diffusion.
  • Several transporter families, including oatp, ntcp, and amino acid transporters, are implicated in thyroid hormone transport.
  • Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) has been identified as a key active and specific thyroid hormone transporter.

Conclusions:

  • MCT8 plays a vital role in thyroid hormone transport and its proper function is essential for neurological development.
  • Mutations in MCT8 lead to severe X-linked psychomotor retardation and altered thyroid hormone levels (elevated T3).
  • Further research is needed to identify other molecules contributing to thyroid hormone's role in the central nervous system.