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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function
04:05

A Versatile, Behavioral Method to Investigate Thyroid Hormone Effects on Cerebellar Function

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid hormone and cerebellar development.

Grant W Anderson1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA. ander163@umn.edu

Cerebellum (London, England)
|April 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (TH) is crucial for mammalian brain development, particularly the cerebellum. TH deficiency impairs motor skills and intellectual development by affecting gene transcription and cell development.

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Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure
06:14

Modeling Human Cerebellar Development In Vitro in 2D Structure

Published on: September 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal mammalian brain development.
  • The developing brain, especially the cerebellum, is highly sensitive to TH levels.
  • TH deficiency or excess can lead to significant functional and structural abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functional, cellular, and molecular effects of thyroid hormone deficit in the developing cerebellum.
  • To highlight recent findings on TH action in cerebellar development.
  • To underscore the importance of understanding TH-regulated genes and their cellular expression in the cerebellum.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing literature on thyroid hormone's role in cerebellar development.
  • It examines molecular mechanisms of TH action, including gene transcription regulation.
  • The review discusses factors influencing TH signaling, such as transport, metabolism, and inhibition.

Main Results:

  • TH deficiency in the developing cerebellum results in motor skill deficits and reduced intellectual development.
  • Abnormalities are linked to maldevelopment of specific cerebellar cell types and regions.
  • TH regulates cerebellar development primarily by controlling gene transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone is indispensable for proper cerebellar development.
  • Understanding TH-regulated genes and their cellular localization is key to deciphering TH's role.
  • Disruptions in TH transport, metabolism, or signaling pathways can severely impact brain development.