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Related Concept Videos

Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
08:04

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

Perspective on live varicella vaccine.

Anne A Gershon1, Samuel L Katz

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA. aag1@columbia.edu

The Journal of Infectious Diseases
|May 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The development of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine has significantly reduced chickenpox incidence and mortality. A two-dose schedule and adult vaccination for herpes zoster (HZ) further enhance VZV control.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and herpes zoster (shingles).
  • The first VZV attenuation by Takahashi in 1974 paved the way for chickenpox vaccines.
  • Early vaccine use focused on immunocompromised children, demonstrating efficacy in preventing severe VZV disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and impact of VZV vaccines.
  • To highlight the progression from childhood varicella prevention to adult herpes zoster prevention.
  • To assess the public health impact of VZV vaccination strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical vaccine development and implementation.
  • Analysis of vaccine efficacy and safety data in various populations.

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  • Examination of public health records on VZV incidence, hospitalizations, and mortality.

    • Main Results:

    • Widespread VZV vaccination in healthy children has decreased chickenpox incidence, hospitalizations, and deaths.
    • A two-dose immunization schedule and combination vaccines have improved VZV protection.
    • A high-titer VZV vaccine for adults has been developed to prevent herpes zoster.

    Conclusions:

    • VZV vaccination has dramatically reduced the burden of chickenpox in developed countries.
    • Combined vaccination strategies for varicella and herpes zoster are predicted to significantly improve VZV control.
    • While VZV elimination may not be feasible, enhanced immunization programs offer substantial public health benefits.