Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Candidiasis01:20

Candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by opportunistic species of Candida. It can affect various anatomical sites, including the skin, oral cavity, nails, and genitourinary tract. Among its forms, vaginal candidiasis is the most common type of mucosal infection. It typically results from the overgrowth of Candida albicans in the vaginal mucosa. Under normal conditions, C. albicans exists as a commensal organism within the vaginal microbiota, regulated by the dominance of lactobacilli, which...
Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
Fungal Group Zygomycota01:29

Fungal Group Zygomycota

Zygomycota, previously classified as a distinct fungal group, are primarily terrestrial, saprophytic molds that play a crucial role as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that these fungi are now divided into two major clades — Mucoromycota, which includes many symbiotic species, and Zoopagomycota, which primarily consists of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These groups exhibit distinct ecological roles and reproductive strategies while sharing key structural and...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Closing the gap on antifungal resistance.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Multisystem <i>Lomentospora prolificans</i> progression on fosmanogepix despite <i>in vitro</i> activity: a call for expanding clinical research on novel antifungals.

ASM case reports·2026
Same author

Temperature and genetic background drive mobilization of diverse transposable elements in a global human fungal pathogen.

PLoS genetics·2026
Same author

Vaccine-Mediated Protection of Mice Against African and Asian Clinical Strains of <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

The Pain Is in the Brain With the Sugar-Coated Killer.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2025
Same author

Inhibitors of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase activity in fungal pathogens compromise thermal tolerance pathways.

mBio·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance
08:45

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

Published on: December 28, 2017

When primary antifungal therapy fails.

Marcio Nucci1, John R Perfect

  • 1University Hospital, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. mnucci@hucff.ufrj.br

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|April 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antifungal therapy failure in invasive fungal infections is common. This review explores reasons beyond drug resistance, including host factors and diagnostic errors, to improve patient outcomes.

More Related Videos

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds
08:54

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

Published on: February 14, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance
08:45

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

Published on: December 28, 2017

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds
08:54

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

Published on: February 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have a better prognosis due to advances in diagnostics, epidemiology, and antifungal agents.
  • Despite progress, antifungal therapy failure remains a significant clinical challenge in managing IFIs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the differential diagnosis and management of antifungal therapy failure in invasive mycoses.
  • To guide clinicians in understanding primary antifungal therapy failure beyond drug resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic tools, epidemiological factors, and prognostic indicators for IFIs.
  • Analysis of various causes contributing to antifungal treatment failure.
  • Discussion of clinical management strategies for refractory invasive fungal infections.

Main Results:

  • Antifungal therapy failure can stem from multiple factors, not solely drug resistance.
  • Host-related issues, suboptimal drug concentrations at infection sites, and drug toxicities are critical.
  • Misdiagnosis and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) can be mistaken for treatment failure.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians should consider a broad range of factors when assessing antifungal therapy failure.
  • Accurate diagnosis and understanding of non-resistance-related causes are crucial for effective management of IFIs.
  • This review aims to enhance clinicians' comprehension of primary antifungal therapy failure in invasive mycoses.