Power isn't everything: muscle function and energetic costs during steady swimming in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Power produced by red myotomal muscles of fish during cruise swimming appears seldom maximized, so we sought to investigate whether economy may impact or dominate muscle function. We measured cost of transport (COT) using oxygen consumption and the strain trajectories and electromyographic activity of red muscle measured at anterior (ANT) and posterior (POST) locations while Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) swam steadily at speeds between 0.3 and 1.0 body lengths (BL) s(-1). We then measured the power produced by isolated segments of red muscle when activated either as in the swimming cod or such that maximal net power was produced. Patterns of activation during swimming were not optimal for power output and were highly variable between tail beats, particularly at the ANT location and at slow swim speeds. Muscle strain amplitude did not increase until swimming speed reached 0.9 (ANT) versus 0.5 (POST) BL s(-1). These limited power to only 53% (ANT) and 71% (POST) of maximum at slower swim speeds and to 70%-80% of maximum at high swim speeds. COT (resting metabolism subtracted) was minimal at the slowest swim speed, surprisingly, where power was most impaired by activation and strain. Thus, production of powered forces for maneuverability/stability appeared to greatly impact red muscle function during cruise swimming in cod, particularly at slow speeds and in ANT muscle.