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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

[Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma].

J-L Wemeau1, C Do Cao

  • 1Service d'endocrinologie, maladies métaboliques, clinique endocrinologique Marc-Linquette, CHRU de Lille, 6, rue du Professeur-Laguesse, 59037 Lille cedex, France. jl-wemeau@chru-lille.fr

Annales D'Endocrinologie
|April 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a rare but aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and multimodality treatment offer the best chance for survival in select patients.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a highly aggressive malignancy, representing the final dedifferentiation stage of thyroid tumorigenesis.
  • It accounts for less than 2% of all thyroid cancers, predominantly affecting elderly individuals (60-80 years old).
  • Clinical presentation typically involves a rapidly enlarging thyroid mass with local invasion and compressive symptoms, frequently accompanied by lymph node and distant metastases.

Purpose:

  • To summarize the characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
  • To highlight the importance of urgent referral to specialized cancer centers for multimodality therapeutic planning.
  • To discuss current therapeutic strategies and emerging research directions for this lethal disease.

Summary:

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:08

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

  • Diagnosis may be suggested by fine needle aspiration but often requires tissue biopsy for immunohistochemical confirmation, differentiating it from lymphoma.
  • Multimodality treatment, including surgery (if feasible), hyperfractionated radiotherapy, and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, aims for locoregional control.
  • Prognosis remains dismal, with a mean survival of 4-9 months, though long-term survival is associated with early-stage, resectable tumors receiving adjuvant therapies.

Impact:

  • Current treatments offer limited impact on overall survival, particularly in the presence of distant metastases.
  • Ongoing research focuses on redifferentiation strategies and targeted therapies, including EGF receptor inhibitors and anti-angiogenesis agents.
  • Primary prevention may involve optimal management of differentiated thyroid cancers and goiters in the elderly population.