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Related Concept Videos

Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues
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RHD genotyping from maternal plasma: guidelines and technical challenges.

Neil D Avent1

  • 1Centre for Research in Biomedicine, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for Rhesus D (RhD) fetal genotyping is crucial for RhD-negative mothers. This technology prevents unnecessary anti-D administration, safeguarding vulnerable patients and conserving blood products.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Immunology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Rhesus D (RhD) incompatibility can lead to fetal anemia and death due to maternal alloimmunization.
  • Fetal RHD genotyping, initially invasive, evolved into noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD).
  • Early RHD genotyping assays were based on the assumption of complete RHD gene deletion in D-negative individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and application of fetal RHD genotyping using noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD).
  • To highlight the benefits of NIPD for managing RhD incompatibility in pregnancies.
  • To discuss the implementation of mass-scale RHD NIPD in European countries.

Main Methods:

  • Development of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests for free fetal DNA in maternal plasma.
  • Refinement of RHD genotyping assays to detect various RHD gene alleles and pseudogenes.
  • Validation of NIPD accuracy through postnatal RhD phenotyping of cord blood.

Main Results:

  • NIPD for RHD genotyping has become a large-scale application, particularly for RhD-negative women.
  • More comprehensive genotyping tests accommodate diverse ethnic populations with varied RHD gene structures.
  • Mass application of RHD NIPD is recommended to optimize antenatal prophylaxis strategies.

Conclusions:

  • RHD NIPD offers significant benefits for managing RhD-negative pregnancies.
  • It aids in conserving anti-D immunoglobulin stocks and prevents unnecessary exposure to blood products.
  • Mass implementation of RHD NIPD is anticipated in several European countries.