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Protein Glycosylation

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...

Conjugated Proteins

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...

Glycocalyx and its Functions

Glycocalyx and its Functions

The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
Components of...

Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans

Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...

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Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics

Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics

Published on: May 22, 2016

Overview of glycoconjugate analysis.

A Varki¹, H H Freeze, A E Manzi

¹University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Current Protocols in Protein Science

|April 23, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates with intricate structures, unlike DNA or proteins. This overview simplifies their stereochemistry and representation, aiding glycobiology research.

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Area of Science:

Glycobiology
Carbohydrate Chemistry
Biochemistry

Background:

Unlike linear polymers like DNA, RNA, and proteins, oligosaccharides exhibit significant structural complexity.
This complexity arises from branching and diverse anomeric configurations (alpha and beta linkages).
Oligosaccharide biosynthesis (glycosylation) is a non-templated, highly variable process, making prediction difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a clear overview of oligosaccharide stereochemistry.
To offer standardized methods for representing monosaccharides and oligosaccharide chains.
To facilitate understanding within the field of glycobiology.

Main Methods:

Discussion of monosaccharide stereochemistry.
Diagrammatic representations including Fisher projections and Haworth representations.
Formulas for depicting oligosaccharide chain structures.

Main Results:

Detailed explanation of stereochemical principles in mono- and oligosaccharides.
Standardized visual and formulaic methods for representing carbohydrate structures.
A glossary of essential glycobiology terms is included.

Conclusions:

The complexity of oligosaccharides can be systematically understood through stereochemistry and standardized representations.
This work provides foundational knowledge for researchers in glycobiology.
Clear representation methods are crucial for advancing the study of complex carbohydrates.