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Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Mineral, Vitamin and Water Absorption

Electrolytes are essential minerals and ions primarily obtained from the diet and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Most electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestine. While the absorption of iron and calcium primarily occurs in the duodenum, calcium is also absorbed in the jejunum and ileum. In these regions, passive diffusion contributes to its absorption alongside active transport mechanisms in the duodenum. These ions can exit the enterocytes through specialized active...

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Published on: April 30, 2016

[Do cows drink calcium?].

T Geishauser¹, S Lechner, I Plate

¹Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada. tgeishauser@sentex.net

Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde

|April 24, 2008

Summary

Cows readily consumed the Propeller calcium drink, similar to water. This novel drink effectively increased blood calcium levels in cows post-calving, offering a promising alternative to traditional methods.

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Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Published on: December 16, 2015

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Published on: April 30, 2016

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

Published on: December 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Animal Nutrition
Ruminant Physiology

Context:

Post-calving hypocalcemia is a significant concern in dairy cows.
Traditional calcium supplementation methods (gels, boli) have limitations.
Assessing novel oral calcium delivery systems is crucial for herd health.

Purpose:

To evaluate the palatability and intake of the Propeller calcium drink by dairy cows.
To determine the efficacy of the Propeller calcium drink in elevating blood calcium concentrations.
To compare the Propeller calcium drink with water intake and its effect on blood calcium.

Summary:

120 cows were offered 20 liters of Propeller calcium drink or water post-calving.
Cows demonstrated comparable intake of the Propeller drink and water.
Blood calcium levels significantly increased within 10 minutes and remained elevated for 24 hours after Propeller intake, unlike controls.

Impact:

The Propeller calcium drink offers a palatable and effective method for oral calcium supplementation.
This product rapidly and sustainably increases blood calcium, potentially preventing hypocalcemia.
It presents a practical advantage over existing calcium supplements for dairy cows.