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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
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Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
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Hydrous silicate melt at high pressure.

Mainak Mookherjee1, Lars Stixrude, Bijaya Karki

  • 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.

Nature
|April 25, 2008
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Water

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • High-pressure physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • The behavior of hydrous silicate melts and water solubility in Earth's mantle are poorly understood.
  • Water significantly impacts melt properties like density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity at lower pressures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structure and properties of hydrous MgSiO3 melt under high pressure.
  • To determine water speciation and miscibility in silicate melts across mantle pressures.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles molecular dynamics simulations were employed.
  • Simulations covered pressures up to Earth's mantle regime (136 GPa).

Main Results:

  • Water speciation shifts from molecular/hydroxyls to extended structures with increasing pressure.
  • Complete miscibility of water and silicate melt is observed across most mantle pressures.
  • A buoyantly stable melt at the upper mantle base would contain ~3 wt% water.

Conclusions:

  • High pressure fundamentally alters water speciation and promotes miscibility in silicate melts.
  • A hydrous melt (~3 wt% water) at the upper mantle base is predicted to be detectable via electromagnetic sounding.