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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Epigenetics and T-cell immunity.

Amr H Sawalha1

  • 1US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. amr-sawalha@omrf.ouhsc.edu

Autoimmunity
|April 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modifications are crucial for immune responses. This review explores their role in T helper cell differentiation, regulatory T-cell function, and cytokine production.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are integral to immune responses.
  • Helper T-cell differentiation into distinct subsets is driven by antigen stimulation and cytokine environments.
  • These processes involve chromatin remodeling and altered gene accessibility for key cytokine genes (e.g., IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-17).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of epigenetic regulation in T helper cell differentiation.
  • To examine the involvement of epigenetics in regulatory T-cell function.
  • To discuss the impact of epigenetic modifications on Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on epigenetic mechanisms in T cell biology.

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Determination of Immune Cell Identity and Purity Using Epigenetic-Based Quantitative PCR
08:02

Determination of Immune Cell Identity and Purity Using Epigenetic-Based Quantitative PCR

Published on: February 19, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Determination of Immune Cell Identity and Purity Using Epigenetic-Based Quantitative PCR
08:02

Determination of Immune Cell Identity and Purity Using Epigenetic-Based Quantitative PCR

Published on: February 19, 2020

  • Analysis of studies detailing DNA methylation and histone modifications in immune cells.
  • Synthesis of research on chromatin remodeling and gene regulation in T helper cell subsets.

    • Main Results:

    • Epigenetic changes ensure the stable inheritance of cell lineage identity through cell division.
    • Specific epigenetic patterns dictate the functional capacities of differentiated T helper cell subsets.
    • Epigenetic regulation is fundamental for controlling the expression of critical immune response genes.

    Conclusions:

    • Epigenetic mechanisms are central to the precise control of immune cell differentiation and function.
    • Understanding these epigenetic processes is key to deciphering immune responses and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
    • This review highlights the dynamic interplay between epigenetics and immunity, particularly in T cell biology.