Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Diagnosing tuberculous meningitis: a testing process.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2021

Same author

Understanding risks, mitigation and innovation for surgery in a COVID-19 world.

The British journal of surgery·2020

Same author

Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, range of movement and hindfoot deviation are important determinants of foot function in children.

Journal of children's orthopaedics·2019

Same author

Systematic review of interventions for the prevention and treatment of postoperative urinary retention.

BJS open·2019

Same author

Implementation of the North Carolina HIV Bridge Counseling Program to Facilitate Linkage and Reengagement in Care for Individuals Infected with HIV/AIDS.

North Carolina medical journal·2018

Same author

Coronary artery hypoxic vasorelaxation is augmented by perivascular adipose tissue through a mechanism involving hydrogen sulphide and cystathionine-β-synthase.

Acta physiologica (Oxford, England)·2018

Same journal

A Comprehensive Experimental Guide to Studying Cross-Presentation in Dendritic Cells In Vitro.

Current protocols in immunology·2020

Same journal

Immunologic Studies in Humans.

Current protocols in immunology·2020

Same journal

Immunologic Studies in Humans.

Current protocols in immunology·2020

Same journal

Immunologic Studies in Humans.

Current protocols in immunology·2020

Same journal

Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Cell Surface Antigens.

Current protocols in immunology·2020

Same journal

Protocols for Experimental Sjögren's Syndrome.

Current protocols in immunology·2020

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Published on: May 26, 2023

Anesthesia.

J Donovan¹, P Brown

¹Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA.

Current Protocols in Immunology

|April 25, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details anesthetic protocols for laboratory animals, covering injectable and inhalant anesthesia for mice, rats, and hamsters, and specific methods for rabbits. It aims to ensure animal welfare during research procedures.

More Related Videos

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

Published on: January 13, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

Published on: May 26, 2023

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

Published on: January 13, 2017

Area of Science:

Veterinary Anesthesiology
Laboratory Animal Science
Preclinical Research

Background:

Anesthetic agents are crucial for managing pain and distress in laboratory animals during experimental procedures.
Effective anesthesia and restraint are necessary for technically demanding research protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide standardized protocols for anesthesia and sedation in common laboratory animals.
To compare different anesthetic methods for suitability in various research applications.

Main Methods:

Presents three basic protocols: injectable anesthesia (mouse, rat, hamster), inhalant anesthesia with methoxyflurane (mouse, rat, hamster), and injectable anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine (rabbit).
Includes an alternate protocol for sedation using butorphanol/acetylpromazine in rabbits.
Commentary compares the described anesthesia methods for diverse experimental needs.

Main Results:

Established protocols for injectable and inhalant anesthesia across multiple species.
Detailed an alternative sedation method for rabbits.
Provided comparative analysis of anesthetic techniques.

Conclusions:

The described protocols offer reliable methods for anesthetizing laboratory animals.
These guidelines support ethical animal use in research by minimizing pain and distress.
The comparative commentary aids researchers in selecting appropriate anesthetic strategies.