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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

Presenting exogenous antigen to T cells.

Clifford V Harding1

  • 1Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.

Current Protocols in Immunology
|April 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details methods for antigen-presenting cell (APC) experiments, accommodating both adherent and nonadherent cell types. Protocols use T hybridomas for reliable detection of peptide-MHC complexes, optimizing antigen processing assays.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are crucial for initiating immune responses.
  • Experimental protocols must account for the physical properties of APCs, such as adherence.
  • Standardized methods are needed for reproducible antigen processing studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe adaptable protocols for antigen-processing experiments using diverse antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
  • To provide methods for both adherent and nonadherent APCs, facilitating broader experimental application.
  • To highlight the utility of T hybridomas as a consistent readout system for peptide-MHC complex expression.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed protocols for preparing and culturing both adherent (e.g., macrophages) and nonadherent (e.g., B lymphoma cell lines) APCs.
  • Utilized T hybridoma cell lines for sensitive and reproducible detection of peptide-MHC complexes.
  • Compared the use of T hybridomas versus antigen-specific T cell clones for T cell readout.

Main Results:

  • Developed flexible protocols applicable to various APC types, regardless of adherence properties.
  • Demonstrated that T hybridomas offer a more convenient and consistent readout compared to T cell clones.
  • Identified potential limitations of T cell clones when used with fixed APCs due to loss of costimulatory function.

Conclusions:

  • The described methods provide a robust framework for antigen-processing experiments with diverse APCs.
  • T hybridomas are recommended as the preferred readout system for enhanced consistency and flexibility.
  • These protocols enhance the reproducibility and scope of studies investigating antigen presentation pathways.