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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects
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Cell based bone tissue engineering in jaw defects.

Gert J Meijer1, Joost D de Bruijn, Ron Koole

  • 1Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. drgjmeijer@orange.nl

Biomaterials
|April 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Bone tissue engineering successfully created viable bone substitutes for jaw defects. However, these constructs showed limited bone formation in patients, indicating a need for further research to improve predictability in human jaw reconstruction.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Background:

  • Bone tissue engineering aims to regenerate bone defects using scaffolds and cells.
  • Current methods face challenges in achieving predictable bone regeneration in humans.
  • Distinguishing between osteoconduction and osteogenesis is crucial for evaluating engineered bone grafts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the osteogenic potency of engineered bone substitutes for jaw defect reconstruction in humans.
  • To assess the clinical efficacy of tissue-engineered bone grafts in orthotopic (jaw) and ectopic (subcutaneous mouse) models.
  • To determine the predictability of bone formation in engineered constructs for human jaw reconstruction.

Main Methods:

  • Harvesting bone marrow aspirates and culturing stem cells.
  • Seeding stem cells onto a bone substitute scaffold in an osteogenic medium.
  • Implanting the engineered construct in human jaw defects and subcutaneously in mice.

Main Results:

  • Viable bone substitutes were successfully constructed and demonstrated osteogenic potency in mice (ectopic bone formation).
  • Engineered bone constructs showed limited orthotopic bone formation in human jaw defects.
  • While some bone formation was observed in patient biopsies, only one case showed bone induced by the construct itself.

Conclusions:

  • Bone tissue engineering shows promise but requires further development for predictable human jaw defect reconstruction.
  • The study highlights the difference between osteoconduction and osteogenesis in evaluating engineered bone grafts.
  • More research is needed to overcome the challenges of achieving reliable bone regeneration in clinical applications.