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Related Concept Videos

Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
09:15

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Published on: May 23, 2014

Endometrial structural and inflammatory changes with exogenous progestogens.

Martha Hickey1, Lois A Salamonsen

  • 1School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|April 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-acting progestogen-only contraceptives are widely used but cause abnormal uterine bleeding. Short-term treatments may reduce this bleeding by improving endometrial integrity and healing vessel fragility.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

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09:15

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Published on: May 23, 2014

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08:37

Isolation of Mouse Endometrial Epithelial and Stromal Cells for In Vitro Decidualization

Published on: March 2, 2017

Isolation of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells for In Vitro Decidualization
14:55

Isolation of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells for In Vitro Decidualization

Published on: September 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Gynecology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Contraception is a global public health priority.
  • Long-acting progestogen-only contraceptives are used by over 20 million women globally.
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a significant side effect of these contraceptives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms behind AUB caused by progestogen-only contraceptives.
  • To explore potential short-term treatments to mitigate AUB.

Main Methods:

  • Examined molecular and structural changes in the endometrium.
  • Assessed endometrial microvascular and epithelial integrity.
  • Investigated the impact of short-term treatments on bleeding episodes.

Main Results:

  • Progestogen use leads to endometrial structural and inflammatory changes.
  • These changes compromise endometrial microvascular and epithelial integrity.
  • Endometrial fragility contributes to AUB.

Conclusions:

  • Abnormal uterine bleeding associated with progestogen-only contraceptives stems from endometrial fragility.
  • Short-term interventions may alleviate AUB by addressing these underlying changes.