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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Breathing01:05

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide
08:33

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide

Published on: December 15, 2014

Arginase and pulmonary diseases.

Harm Maarsingh1, Tonio Pera, Herman Meurs

  • 1Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. h.maarsingh@rug.nl

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg'S Archives of Pharmacology
|April 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Arginase enzyme activity contributes to airway obstruction and inflammation in lung diseases like asthma and COPD by reducing nitric oxide (NO) production. Targeting this pathway may offer new therapeutic strategies for pulmonary disorders.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide
08:33

A Method for Generating Pulmonary Neutrophilia Using Aerosolized Lipopolysaccharide

Published on: December 15, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Arginase catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea.
  • Elevated arginase activity is implicated in the pathogenesis of several pulmonary disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of arginase in the development and progression of pulmonary diseases.
  • To investigate the mechanisms by which arginase contributes to airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling.
  • To assess the therapeutic potential of targeting the arginase pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on arginase activity in pulmonary disorders.
  • Analysis of the biochemical pathways involving arginase, L-arginine, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), and L-ornithine.
  • Examination of the link between arginase, NO production, and airway function.

Main Results:

  • Increased airway arginase activity reduces nitric oxide (NO) production by competing with NOS for L-arginine.
  • Reduced L-arginine availability can lead to enhanced peroxynitrite formation, promoting inflammation and contraction.
  • Arginase-induced L-ornithine synthesis may drive airway remodeling through polyamine and collagen production.
  • Elevated arginase is associated with asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • Arginase plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of various lung diseases.
  • The arginase pathway represents a potential therapeutic target for treating obstructive and fibrotic pulmonary disorders.
  • Modulating arginase activity could restore NO levels and mitigate airway inflammation and remodeling.