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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness, disability,...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:44

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: October 13, 2023

Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis.

M Pugliatti1, H F Harbo, T Holmøy

  • 1Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. maura.pugliatti@isf.uib.no

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum
|June 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Multiple sclerosis (MS) risk involves genetic and environmental factors. Viral infections like Epstein-Barr virus, vitamin D levels, and smoking significantly influence MS development and progression.

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Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epidemiology
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility is influenced by a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures.
  • Epidemiological patterns in MS, including birth seasonality and temporal trends, suggest significant environmental contributions to disease initiation and modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of environmental factors in the etiology and progression of multiple sclerosis.
  • To identify specific exogenous factors that may explain observed epidemiological patterns in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies examining seasonality, incidence, and gender ratios in MS.
  • Analysis of factors such as viral infections, vitamin D status, and smoking in relation to MS risk.

Main Results:

  • Seasonality of birth, disease onset, and exacerbations in MS patients indicate environmental influences.
  • Epstein-Barr virus infection, suboptimal vitamin D levels, and smoking are identified as key factors potentially explaining MS epidemiological patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Further epidemiological research is crucial to elucidate the environmental contribution to MS.
  • Development of large-scale, multicenter studies incorporating genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors is proposed to better understand MS risk.