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Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Visual Agnosia

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

Expression of long-term depression underlies visual recognition memory.

Sarah Griffiths¹, Helen Scott, Colin Glover

¹MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.

|April 29, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Brain plasticity changes during learning are key to memory. This study shows blocking AMPA receptor internalization in the perirhinal cortex impairs visual recognition memory, revealing a critical mechanism for memory formation.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

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Published on: August 18, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Synaptic Plasticity
Molecular Biology

Background:

Learning and memory involve brain modifications, potentially through synaptic plasticity.
A decrement in neuronal responsiveness in the perirhinal cortex is linked to visual familiarity discrimination.
Long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity is hypothesized to underlie recognition memory.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) internalization in recognition memory.
To determine if blocking AMPAR internalization affects LTD in the perirhinal cortex and recognition memory.

Main Methods:

Used a peptide to block the interaction between GluR2 subunits of AMPARs and AP2, a protein essential for endocytosis.
Applied the peptide in perirhinal cortex slices in vitro to assess LTD.
Utilized viral transduction to deliver the peptide into the perirhinal cortex of animals to evaluate in vivo effects on memory and LTD.

Main Results:

The peptide successfully blocked LTD in perirhinal cortex slices.
Viral delivery of the peptide into the perirhinal cortex caused significant deficits in visual recognition memory.
Animals with impaired recognition memory showed a deficit in LTD in their perirhinal cortex.

Conclusions:

Internalization of AMPA receptors is critical for LTD expression in the perirhinal cortex.
This AMPA receptor internalization process is essential for visual recognition memory formation.