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Development of the Heart

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...

Location and Orientation of the Heart

Location and Orientation of the Heart

The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:

Fetal Circulation

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Published on: November 22, 2013

Ectopic pregnancy: a heart beating case.

Indra Marianne Dennert¹, Heleen van Dongen, Frank Willem Jansen

¹Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology

|April 29, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Abdominal pregnancy, a rare ectopic gestation, can lead to fatal hemorrhage if misdiagnosed. Laparoscopic hydrodissection offers a successful removal method for diaphragmatic ectopic pregnancies.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Surgical Innovation
Medical Case Reports

Background:

Abdominal pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic gestation, accounting for 1.3% of cases in Western countries.
Delayed diagnosis and removal attempts can cause severe intraperitoneal hemorrhage, posing a risk to maternal survival.
Ectopic pregnancies typically occur in the fallopian tubes, making abdominal locations unusual and challenging to diagnose.

Observation:

A rare case of ectopic pregnancy located on the intra-abdominal surface of the left diaphragm was successfully managed.
The pregnancy was removed using a minimally invasive laparoscopic approach with hydrodissection techniques.
The patient presented with unexplained shoulder pain, a potential indicator for ectopic pregnancy when intrauterine location is not confirmed.

Findings:

Laparoscopic hydrodissection enabled successful removal of a diaphragmatic ectopic pregnancy.
This approach minimized surgical trauma and potential complications associated with traditional open surgery.
The case highlights the successful application of advanced laparoscopic techniques in managing rare ectopic pregnancy locations.

Implications:

Increased awareness of diaphragmatic ectopic pregnancy is crucial for timely diagnosis and intervention.
Laparoscopic hydrodissection represents a viable and effective surgical option for managing such rare ectopic gestations.
Prompt diagnosis and appropriate surgical management can prevent life-threatening complications like massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage.