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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Assessment of apical radial pulse01:25

Assessment of apical radial pulse

Apical-Radial (A-R) Pulse Assessment
The A-R pulse assessment involves simultaneous evaluation of the apical and radial pulses. When the apical and radial pulse rates vary, this assessment helps identify a pulse deficit.
Pre-Procedural Preparation
Assessment of radial pulse01:11

Assessment of radial pulse

Assessment of Radial Pulse
The radial pulse, located at the wrist, is often the preferred site for assessing peripheral pulse because of its accessibility and dependability. The process of determining the radial pulse involves several steps:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

A radius and ulna TW3 bone age assessment system.

Antonio Tristan-Vega1, Juan Ignacio Arribas

  • 1Department of Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain. atriveg@lpi.tel.uva.es

IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
|April 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an automated system for estimating skeletal age using wrist bone analysis. The system accurately predicts bone development stages, aiding in pediatric bone age assessment.

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Longitudinal Micro-Computed Tomography Image Analysis for User-Defined Region of Interest in Critical-Sized Bone Defects
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Longitudinal Micro-Computed Tomography Image Analysis for User-Defined Region of Interest in Critical-Sized Bone Defects

Published on: June 24, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Longitudinal Micro-Computed Tomography Image Analysis for User-Defined Region of Interest in Critical-Sized Bone Defects
08:39

Longitudinal Micro-Computed Tomography Image Analysis for User-Defined Region of Interest in Critical-Sized Bone Defects

Published on: June 24, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Pediatric Radiology

Background:

  • Skeletal age estimation is crucial for diagnosing growth disorders in children.
  • The Tanner-Whitehouse (TW3) method is a standard clinical procedure but is labor-intensive.
  • Automating TW3 assessment can improve efficiency and consistency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated, end-to-end system for skeletal age estimation based on the TW3 methodology.
  • To accurately segment radius and ulna wrist bones and extract relevant features.
  • To predict skeletal maturity stages and estimate bone age using advanced machine learning.

Main Methods:

  • Semi-automatic segmentation of radius and ulna using an adaptive clustering algorithm.
  • Extraction and selection of up to 89 features from bone contours and grayscale data.
  • Utilizing a Generalized Softmax Perceptron (GSP) neural network with Posterior Probability Model Selection (PPMS) for age estimation.

Main Results:

  • The system accurately predicts developmental stages of the radius and ulna.
  • Effective estimation of skeletal age in years was achieved through a multi-class pattern recognition approach.
  • Performance was validated against expert diagnoses on a private hand image database.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed automated system offers a reliable and efficient method for skeletal age assessment.
  • The integration of advanced AI techniques enhances the accuracy of the TW3 procedure.
  • This technology has the potential to streamline pediatric diagnostic workflows.