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Related Concept Videos

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols01:21

Radical Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols

Activated manganese(IV) oxide can selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols via a radical intermediate mechanism. Primary allylic alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes, while secondary allylic alcohols yield ketones. The redox reaction of potassium permanganate with an Mn(II) salt such as manganese sulfate (under either alkaline or acidic conditions), followed by thorough drying, yields the oxidizing agent: activated MnO2. While MnO2 is insoluble in the solvents used for the reaction, the...
α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction01:15

α-Bromination of Carboxylic Acids: Hell–Volhard–Zelinski Reaction

The method to achieve α-brominated carboxylic acids using a mixture of phosphorus tribromide and bromine is known as the Hell–Volhard–Zelinski reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by phosphorus tribromide, which can be used directly or produced in situ from red phosphorus and bromine. The mechanism comprises PBr3 catalyzed conversion of acid to acid bromide and hydrogen bromide. The acid bromide enolizes to its enol form in the presence of HBr. The nucleophilic enol attacks the bromine molecule...

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Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether
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[Reducing bromate formation by catalyzed ozonation].

Ru He1, Jin-Feng Lu, Jun Ma

  • 1School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. seacat514@sohu.com

Huan Jing Ke Xue= Huanjing Kexue
|April 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Catalytic ozonation with metal oxides significantly reduces bromate formation in water. Increasing cerium oxide dosage and optimizing pH and temperature enhance this effect, crucial for water treatment safety.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Water Treatment Technologies

Context:

  • Bromate is a disinfection byproduct of concern in drinking water.
  • Ozonation is a common water treatment method, but can form bromate.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the efficacy of metal oxide catalysts in reducing bromate formation during ozonation.
  • To determine the influence of catalyst dose, bromide concentration, pH, and temperature on bromate yield.

Summary:

  • Catalytic ozonation with cerium oxide demonstrated significant bromate reduction (up to 85.1%) by increasing catalyst dosage.
  • Optimal conditions for bromate reduction included higher catalyst doses and moderate temperatures (5-25°C).
  • The catalyst's surface sites likely inhibit reactions forming bromate, with sulfate presence weakening this effect.

Impact:

  • Provides a method to minimize harmful bromate byproduct formation in water treatment.
  • Highlights the potential of metal oxide catalysts for safer and more effective ozonation processes.
  • Offers insights into catalyst mechanisms for optimizing water purification strategies.