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Related Concept Videos

Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase01:25

Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase

So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules.
Step 1 - 5: Glycolysis Preparatory Phase
The first phase of glycolysis has 5 steps where the glucose is...
Glycolysis01:23

Glycolysis

Glycolysis, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, is a central metabolic pathway involved in glucose catabolism. It is highly conserved across most organisms, reflecting its fundamental role in cellular energy production. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and can function both in the presence and absence of oxygen, making it versatile for various organisms and environmental conditions.Stages of GlycolysisGlycolysis is a ten-step pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating a net gain of...
Fermentation01:29

Fermentation

Most eukaryotic organisms require oxygen to survive and function adequately. Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by metabolizing glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. However, most eukaryotes can generate some energy in the absence of oxygen by anaerobic metabolism.
Fermentation is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where organic molecules such as glucose are broken down to produce energy. During this process, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems
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Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems

Published on: September 23, 2021

Ethyl pyruvate.

Mitchell P Fink1

  • 1Logical Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA. finkmp@logicaltherapeutics.com

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|April 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ethyl pyruvate, a derivative of pyruvic acid, shows promise in treating critical illnesses. This compound has demonstrated beneficial effects in preclinical models and is safe in human volunteers, warranting further clinical investigation.

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Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Ethyl pyruvate is a derivative of the endogenous metabolite pyruvic acid.
  • Pyruvate esters, like ethyl pyruvate, possess pharmacological effects distinct from pyruvate anion, including inflammation suppression.
  • Ethyl pyruvate has demonstrated safety in human volunteers at clinically relevant doses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the therapeutic potential of ethyl pyruvate in critical illnesses.
  • To explore the distinct pharmacological actions of ethyl pyruvate beyond pyruvate administration.
  • To assess the efficacy of ethyl pyruvate in preclinical models of various critical conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies on ethyl pyruvate in models of critical illness.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the mechanisms of action of ethyl pyruvate.
  • Evaluation of safety data from human volunteer trials.

Main Results:

  • Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates structural and functional changes in mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion in rats.
  • Improved survival and organ function in preclinical models of sepsis, ARDS, burn injury, pancreatitis, and stroke.
  • Enhanced cardiac function post-coronary ischemia-reperfusion and demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects.

Conclusions:

  • Ethyl pyruvate exhibits salutary effects in diverse animal models of critical illness.
  • Its distinct pharmacological properties and safety profile suggest therapeutic potential.
  • Further clinical trials are necessary to establish its efficacy in treating human diseases.