Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Integrated stress response couples mitochondrial fitness with lineage reprogramming to drive cancer evolution.

Nature cell biology·2026
Same author

Coordinated regulation of mRNA translation and stability by ZC3H7A and ZC3H7B RNA-binding proteins.

Cell reports·2026
Same author

Translational control in the spinal cord regulates gene expression and pain hypersensitivity in the chronic phase of neuropathic pain.

eLife·2026
Same author

4E-BP inhibition ameliorates heart failure through translational upregulation of SERCA2a and modulation of mitochondrial redox signaling in cardiomyocytes.

Redox biology·2026
Same author

The ISR downstream effector ATF4 promotes mGluR-dependent long-term depression and associated behavior.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

4E-BP2-dependent translational control in GABAergic interneurons is required for long-term memory.

Molecular neurobiology·2026
Same journal

Reply to the discussion of "Efficacy of lactoferrin supplementation in pediatric infections: a systematic review and metanalysis".

Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire·2026
Same journal

Discussion of "Efficacy of lactoferrin supplementation in pediatric infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire·2026
Same journal

Does the beta subunit of mitochondrial trifunctional protein modulate monolysocardiolipin acylation to cardiolipin?

Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire·2026
Same journal

Distinct effects of disease-associated mutations in the proximal C-linker on negatively cooperative binding of cyclic nucleotides to the human HCN4 channel.

Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire·2026
Same journal

PPP2R2B targets the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway to regulate ferroptosis in breast cancer cells.

Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire·2026
Same journal

Suppression of CBP/p300 induces growth inhibition and autophagy of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through regulation of EPHA2 by its super-enhancer acetylation.

Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells
08:47

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells

Published on: May 1, 2020

eIF4E, the mRNA cap-binding protein: from basic discovery to translational research.

Nahum Sonenberg1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada.

Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire
|April 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eukaryotic cells use translational control to regulate gene expression, with the initiation factor eIF4E being a key target. This factor plays a crucial role in translation initiation, impacting cancer and innate immunity pathways.

More Related Videos

Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions
10:40

Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions

Published on: December 28, 2016

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells
08:47

Monitoring eIF4F Assembly by Measuring eIF4E-eIF4G Interaction in Live Cells

Published on: May 1, 2020

Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions
10:40

Analysis of Cap-binding Proteins in Human Cells Exposed to Physiological Oxygen Conditions

Published on: December 28, 2016

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Translational control is a vital mechanism for eukaryotic gene expression, enabling rapid cellular responses.
  • Regulation of translation offers advantages over slower mRNA biogenesis pathways.
  • The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a primary target for translational control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the discovery and mechanism of action of eIF4E.
  • To elucidate the role of eIF4E in translation initiation.
  • To explore the involvement of eIF4E in cancer and innate immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on eIF4E discovery and function.
  • Analysis of eIF4E's role in the translation initiation complex.
  • Examination of eIF4E's involvement in cancer and immune signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • eIF4E recognizes the 5' m7GpppN cap structure on eukaryotic mRNAs.
  • eIF4E is essential for the initiation of cap-dependent translation.
  • Dysregulation of eIF4E is implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer and immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • eIF4E is a critical regulator of translation initiation in eukaryotes.
  • Understanding eIF4E's function provides insights into gene expression control.
  • Targeting eIF4E holds potential for therapeutic strategies in cancer and immunology.