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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
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A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Tracking Electrochemistry on Single Nanoparticles with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Microscopy

Tracking Electrochemistry on Single Nanoparticles with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Microscopy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Electronic structure methods for studying surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Lasse Jensen¹, Christine M Aikens, George C Schatz

¹Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA. jensen@chem.psu.edu

Chemical Society Reviews

|April 30, 2008

Summary

This review covers advances in electronic structure methods for studying surface-enhanced Raman scattering. These methods provide microscopic insights into the enhancement mechanism, particularly time-dependent density functional theory.

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Observation and Analysis of Blinking Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

Observation and Analysis of Blinking Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

Published on: January 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Computational Chemistry
Surface Science
Spectroscopy

Background:

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful technique for detecting molecules at low concentrations.
Understanding the SERS enhancement mechanism requires detailed theoretical insights.
Traditional methods struggle to fully explain the complex interactions involved in SERS.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in applying electronic structure methods to SERS.
To demonstrate how these computational techniques elucidate the SERS enhancement mechanism.
To highlight the role of time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) in this field.

Main Methods:

Focus on electronic structure calculations, particularly TD-DFT.
Analysis of theoretical models explaining SERS enhancement.
Review of published studies employing these computational approaches.

Main Results:

Electronic structure methods offer detailed microscopic understanding of SERS.
TD-DFT successfully models charge transfer and plasmon resonance contributions.
Computational studies validate experimental observations and predict new phenomena.

Conclusions:

Electronic structure methods are indispensable tools for SERS research.
TD-DFT provides crucial insights into the SERS enhancement mechanism.
Continued development of computational methods will further advance SERS applications.