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Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

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Stereotypes and retrieval-provoked illusory source recollections.

Chad S Dodson¹, James Darragh, Allison Williams

¹Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. cdodson@virginia.edu

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition

|May 1, 2008

Summary

Stereotypes unconsciously distort memory, leading to false recollections. Even when recalling specific details, people often misattribute information to fit their expectations, demonstrating how social cognition influences memory.

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Published on: January 31, 2017

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Social Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Social stereotypes and expectations can influence memory recall.
Previous research suggests memory retrieval is reconstructive, not a perfect playback.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how activated stereotypes at retrieval affect memory accuracy.
To examine the role of expectations in creating illusory recollections and source memory errors.

Main Methods:

Participants studied statements attributed to different sources (e.g., doctor, lawyer).
A source memory test assessed recall of who presented what information.
Participants' attributions were analyzed for stereotype consistency and subjective experience of remembering.

Main Results:

Participants strongly attributed statements in a stereotype-consistent manner.
Illusory recollections, supported by "remember" judgments, were common.
Misattribution of familiarity or response bias did not explain these errors.

Conclusions:

Activated expectations and stereotypes at retrieval spontaneously generate distorted, illusory recollections.
Recollective experience is constructed from memory traces and retrieval environment factors like stereotypes.
This highlights the constructive nature of memory and the impact of social cognition on recall accuracy.