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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

Published on: April 18, 2016

Serum lipids regulate dendritic cell CD1 expression and function.

David S Leslie¹, Christopher C Dascher, Katherine Cembrola

¹Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

|May 1, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human serum components, specifically lysophosphatidic acid and cardiolipin, regulate dendritic cell (DC) surface molecule CD1 expression. This modulation impacts T cell responses, highlighting a key mechanism in immune cell interactions.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that activate T cells.
Immature DCs (iDCs) are generated from monocytes using GM-CSF and IL-4.
DCs express CD1 molecules for presenting lipid antigens to T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how human serum affects CD1 expression on DCs during differentiation.
To identify specific serum factors that modulate CD1 expression.
To understand the mechanism controlling CD1 expression and its impact on T cell responses.

Main Methods:

Monocyte-derived iDC generation in vitro with and without human serum.
Chemical fractionation of human serum to isolate bioactive components.
Analysis of CD1 surface protein expression (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d).
Assessment of T cell responses restricted by CD1c and CD1d.
Gene transcription analysis and PPAR activation assays.

Main Results:

Human serum inhibits CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c expression, but not CD1d, on differentiating DCs.
Lysophosphatidic acid and cardiolipin in serum potently modulate CD1 expression.
Serum-modulated DCs show reduced T cell responses for CD1c-restricted cells and enhanced responses for CD1d-restricted cells.
CD1 expression regulation occurs at the gene transcription level, linked to PPAR activation.

Conclusions:

Serum lipids, specifically lysophosphatidic acid and cardiolipin, are key regulators of CD1 expression on human DCs.
PPAR nuclear receptors mediate the transcriptional control of CD1 expression.
This regulation fine-tunes the presentation of lipid antigens and influences T cell immunity.