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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Amebiasis01:28

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Acanthamoeba encephalitis.

V Kaushal1, D K Chhina, R Kumar

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana-141 001, Punjab, India. kaushal_vandana@yahoo.co.in

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
|May 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Free-living amoebae rarely cause central nervous system infections. This case of Acanthamoeba encephalitis highlights the importance of suspecting amoebic infection in unexplained encephalitis for timely diagnosis and better outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by free-living amoebae are infrequent but can be severe.
  • Acanthamoeba species are known pathogens, typically causing keratitis, but CNS involvement is rare.

Observation:

  • A 63-year-old female patient from India presented with symptoms suggestive of encephalitis.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed the presence and successful culture of Acanthamoeba species.

Findings:

  • Despite treatment with amphotericin B, fluconazole, and rifampicin, the patient succumbed to the infection.
  • The case demonstrates the challenges in treating disseminated Acanthamoeba infections of the CNS.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should consider amoebic encephalitis in the differential diagnosis of unexplained encephalitis, particularly in endemic regions.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis of Acanthamoeba CNS infection is critical for potentially improving patient outcomes.
  • Further research into effective therapeutic strategies for Acanthamoeba encephalitis is warranted.