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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a chronic, systemic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that predominantly affects the gastrointestinal tract. It is marked by transmural...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
Other Disorders of Digestive System01:30

Other Disorders of Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to various disorders. If the lower esophageal sphincter is damaged, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of the lining. This condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as heartburn) and may cause chest pain and difficulty swallowing. In the stomach, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, chronic alcohol consumption, bacterial infections such as Helicobacter...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation that typically begins in the rectum and extends proximally in a uniform pattern. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental influences. These factors converge to impair the colon’s epithelial defenses and promote an exaggerated inflammatory response against luminal contents.Breakdown of the Mucosal BarrierA...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two major chronic disorders—ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease—each characterized by relapsing episodes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Although they share certain clinical features, their patterns of involvement and manifestations differ in ways that aid diagnosis and guide management.Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum and involves continuous inflammation of the mucosal layer. The disease course is marked...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
10:27

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Published on: December 15, 2011

[Refractory celiac disease].

Santiago Vivas Alegre1, José María Ruiz de Morales

  • 1Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital de León, León, España. svivasa@medynet.com

Gastroenterologia Y Hepatologia
|May 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Refractory celiac disease (RCD) occurs when a gluten-free diet fails, often due to continued gluten exposure. Type II RCD carries a risk of intestinal lymphoma, necessitating aggressive treatment strategies.

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Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Published on: December 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is a rare condition where individuals do not respond to a gluten-free diet.
  • Diagnosis involves excluding other disorders and confirming persistent malabsorption and villous atrophy.
  • Alterations in intraepithelial lymphocytes are crucial for diagnosis, with specific changes indicating aggressive forms.

Purpose:

  • To outline the diagnostic criteria for refractory celiac disease.
  • To differentiate between types of RCD based on lymphocyte alterations.
  • To review current and emerging treatment strategies for RCD, particularly type II.

Summary:

  • Continued gluten intake is the primary cause of non-response to a gluten-free diet.
  • Type II RCD, characterized by specific lymphocyte abnormalities (e.g., absent T cell receptor expression), has a high risk of malignant transformation into intestinal T cell lymphoma.
  • Treatment involves nutritional support, immunosuppressants (azathioprine, infliximab), and for type II, potentially aggressive therapies like anti-CD52 immunotherapy or autologous bone marrow transplantation.

Impact:

  • Highlights the importance of strict gluten avoidance in managing celiac disease.
  • Emphasizes the need for vigilant monitoring and tailored treatment for RCD, especially type II.
  • Suggests promising therapeutic avenues, including targeting interleukin-15, for refractory cases.