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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Stem Cell Culture

Stem Cell Culture

Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...

iPS Cell Differentiation

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Optimized Protocol for Generating Functional Pancreatic Insulin-secreting Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Optimized Protocol for Generating Functional Pancreatic Insulin-secreting Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: February 2, 2024

Insulin-producing cells from embryonic stem cells experimental considerations.

Enrique Roche¹, Roberto Ensenat-Waser, Nestor Vicente-Salar

¹Instituto of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|May 6, 2008

Summary

Cell bioengineering aims to create replacement tissues without immune rejection. Researchers are exploring embryonic stem cells to generate insulin-producing cells for diabetes therapy, though a definitive protocol is still needed.

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Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Published on: June 23, 2023

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Optimized Protocol for Generating Functional Pancreatic Insulin-secreting Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Optimized Protocol for Generating Functional Pancreatic Insulin-secreting Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: February 2, 2024

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

Cellular biology
Bioengineering
Regenerative medicine

Background:

Cell bioengineering seeks to restore organism function via customized tissue generation, avoiding immune rejection.
Generating entire organs is complex; however, producing specific cell types for therapies is more feasible.
Diseases caused by specific cell dysfunction, like diabetes (beta-cell failure), are potential targets for cell transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for generating insulin-producing cells.
To address the challenges in developing effective cell replacement therapies for diabetes.

Main Methods:

Utilizing embryonic stem cells (ESCs) due to their high proliferation rate and differentiation plasticity.
Investigating various in vitro differentiation approaches to derive insulin-producing cells from ESCs.

Main Results:

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) possess key characteristics for cell therapy: rapid proliferation and pluripotency.
Multiple in vitro strategies have been developed to generate insulin-producing cells from ESCs.
A definitive, optimized protocol for ESC-derived insulin-producing cells is not yet established.

Conclusions:

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold significant promise for developing cell-based therapies, particularly for diabetes.
Further research and refinement of differentiation protocols are necessary to achieve successful clinical application.
Accumulated knowledge from various laboratories provides a foundation for designing future optimized protocols.