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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

Published on: October 15, 2013

HIV-induced changes in T cell signaling pathways.

Marc Schweneker1, David Favre, Jeffrey N Martin

  • 1Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|May 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

HIV infection causes T cell dysfunction due to increased basal phosphorylation. Effective antiretroviral therapy reverses this impairment, restoring T cell signaling in patients with human immunodeficiency virus.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

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Published on: October 15, 2013

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
14:28

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

Published on: June 30, 2013

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
06:46

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Published on: January 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to chronic immune activation and T cell dysfunction.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of T cell impairment and its reversibility is crucial for HIV management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanistic basis of T cell dysfunction in HIV infection.
  • To determine if T cell signaling defects are reversed by effective antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed signaling pathways in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from 57 HIV-infected individuals using an adapted PhosFlow method.
  • Utilized flow cytometry to visualize protein phosphorylation in naive, memory, and effector T cell subpopulations.
  • Assessed T cell signaling responses to TCR cross-linking, IL-2, and PMA/ionomycin stimulation.

Main Results:

  • T cell signaling was blunted in progressive HIV disease compared to long-term nonprogressors and ART responders.
  • Impaired signaling correlated with basal phosphorylation, viral load, and programmed death-1 expression.
  • Elevated basal phosphorylation was the dominant factor associated with impaired T cell signaling.
  • Effective ART normalized both basal phosphorylation levels and T cell signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Generalized T cell dysfunction in progressive HIV disease is partly dependent on increased basal phosphorylation.
  • Heightened immune activation in advanced HIV contributes to elevated basal phosphorylation.
  • Effective antiretroviral therapy can restore T cell signaling function by normalizing basal phosphorylation.