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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Implantation of Electroencephalogram and Electrocardiogram Telemetry Devices in Neonatal Rabbit Kits
06:46

Implantation of Electroencephalogram and Electrocardiogram Telemetry Devices in Neonatal Rabbit Kits

Published on: February 28, 2025

Remifentanil in obstetrics.

David Hill1

  • 1Department of Anaesthesia, Ulster Hospital, Belfast, UK. davidhill@doctors.org.uk

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|May 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Remifentanil offers modest labor analgesia but requires careful monitoring due to potential maternal desaturation. Neonatal effects are minimal with patient-controlled analgesia, but more pronounced with background infusions or general anesthesia.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Implantation of Electroencephalogram and Electrocardiogram Telemetry Devices in Neonatal Rabbit Kits
06:46

Implantation of Electroencephalogram and Electrocardiogram Telemetry Devices in Neonatal Rabbit Kits

Published on: February 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Obstetric Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid analgesic.
  • Its use in obstetric settings is being evaluated for labor analgesia and anesthesia during Cesarean delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on remifentanil's application in obstetric anesthesia and analgesia.
  • To assess its efficacy, safety, and neonatal outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing literature on remifentanil use in obstetrics.
  • Analysis of studies examining patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and continuous infusions.
  • Evaluation of maternal and neonatal side effects.

Main Results:

  • Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with remifentanil (40 mcg bolus, 2-min lockout) provides modest labor analgesia, especially in the first stage.
  • Maternal desaturation is a risk requiring close monitoring; background infusions increase this risk.
  • Remifentanil is effective for anesthesia during Cesarean delivery, but neonatal respiratory depression may necessitate ventilation.

Conclusions:

  • Remifentanil is a viable option for obstetric pain management and anesthesia.
  • Further research is needed to optimize safety, particularly regarding background infusions and neonatal respiratory depression during general anesthesia.