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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...
Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Minimally Invasive Surgical Decompression of Occipital Nerves
04:06

Minimally Invasive Surgical Decompression of Occipital Nerves

Published on: September 13, 2024

Head and neck blocks in children.

Polina Voronov1, Santhanam Suresh

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|May 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regional anesthesia offers effective pain relief for pediatric head and neck surgery. Its increased use in children improves postoperative outcomes and reduces the need for additional analgesics.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Minimally Invasive Surgical Decompression of Occipital Nerves
04:06

Minimally Invasive Surgical Decompression of Occipital Nerves

Published on: September 13, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Anesthesiology
  • Regional Anesthesia Techniques
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Head and neck surgery in infants and children presents unique challenges for pain management.
  • Traditional analgesia may be associated with significant side effects in pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current technology and literature on regional anesthesia for pediatric head and neck surgery.
  • To highlight the growing application and benefits of regional blocks in this patient group.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of prospective randomized trials and case reports.
  • Analysis of anatomical distribution of sensory nerves in the head and neck relevant to regional blocks.

Main Results:

  • Regional anesthesia techniques are applicable to a wide range of pediatric head and neck procedures.
  • Evidence from trials demonstrates the efficacy of these blocks for postoperative pain control in children.
  • There is a significant increase in the utilization of regional anesthesia for pediatric pain management.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding head and neck anatomy, including trigeminal nerve and cervical nerve roots, is crucial for effective regional block application.
  • Increased use of regional anesthesia can reduce reliance on systemic analgesics, facilitating faster patient recovery.
  • Regional anesthesia contributes to decreased postoperative nausea and vomiting, improving patient outcomes.