Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 5, 2026

An Ex Vivo Explant Model for Studying Glial Interactions in the Mouse Retina
Published on: July 15, 2025
A dialogue between glia and neurons in the retina: modulation of neuronal excitability
1Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. ean@umn.edu
Abstract:
Bidirectional signaling between neurons and glial cells has been demonstrated in brain slices and is believed to mediate glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the CNS. Our laboratory has characterized similar neuron-glia signaling in the mammalian retina. We find that light-evoked neuronal activity elicits Ca(2+) increases in Müller cells, which are specialized retinal glial cells. Neuron to glia signaling is likely mediated by the release of ATP from neurons and is potentiated by adenosine. Glia to neuron signaling has also been observed and is mediated by several mechanisms. Stimulation of glial cells can result in either facilitation or depression of synaptic transmission. Release of D-serine from Müller cells might also potentiate NMDA receptor transmission. Müller cells directly inhibit ganglion cells by releasing ATP, which, following hydrolysis to adenosine, activates neuronal A(1) receptors. The existence of bidirectional signaling mechanisms indicates that glial cells participate in information processing in the retina.
Related Concept Videos
The Retina
Anatomy of the Eyeball
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism
Neuronal Communication
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters
Glial Cells

