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Related Concept Videos

Chromosome Replication02:31

Chromosome Replication

Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin of...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.
S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique
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Published on: January 14, 2016

Histone modifications: cycling with chromosomal replication.

Geneviève Thon1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, BioCenter, Copenhagen N, Denmark. gen@bio.ku.dk

Current Biology : CB
|May 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone modifications are re-established during chromosome duplication. The RNA interference pathway reactivates centromeric heterochromatin formation during S phase.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique
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Published on: January 14, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
  • Molecular Biology
  • Chromatin Biology

Background:

  • Histone modifications are crucial for maintaining chromatin structure and function.
  • These modifications are often lost during DNA replication and chromosome duplication.
  • Centromeres, critical for chromosome segregation, require stable heterochromatin formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in re-establishing histone modifications.
  • To understand how transcriptional repression is maintained at centromeres during S phase.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of heterochromatin formation during chromosome duplication.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of histone modification patterns during S phase.
  • Investigating the activity of the RNA interference pathway at centromeres.
  • Studying the regulation of transcriptional repression in centromeric regions.

Main Results:

  • Histone modifications are indeed lost during chromosome duplication.
  • The RNA interference pathway is activated during S phase at centromeres.
  • This activation leads to the re-establishment of histone modifications.
  • These modifications are essential for directing heterochromatin formation.

Conclusions:

  • The RNA interference pathway plays a key role in epigenetic memory during cell division.
  • Re-establishment of histone modifications via RNAi ensures centromeric heterochromatin stability.
  • This mechanism is vital for maintaining genome integrity and proper chromosome segregation.