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Regulation of Food Intake

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst

Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst

Hunger and thirst are fundamental physiological drives crucial for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the survival of both humans and animals. These drives are regulated through complex interactions between the brain, hormones, and sensory receptors.
Hunger arises when the brain detects changes in the body's nutrient levels, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, and hormones such as ghrelin and leptin. The hypothalamus plays a central role in hunger regulation. The lateral hypothalamus acts...

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Published on: May 8, 2018

Ghrelin modulates brain activity in areas that control appetitive behavior.

Saima Malik¹, Francis McGlone, Diane Bedrossian

¹Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.

Cell Metabolism

|May 8, 2008

Summary

Ghrelin, a hunger hormone, enhances the brain's response to food cues. This suggests metabolic signals boost food consumption by increasing the appeal of food-related stimuli.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

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Published on: May 8, 2018

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

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Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Endocrinology
Physiology

Background:

Feeding behavior comprises homeostatic (hormonal) and hedonic (reward-driven) components.
Hedonic feeding is influenced by sensory food cues and involves reward-related brain regions.
Ghrelin, a gut peptide hormone, stimulates hunger and food intake.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of ghrelin on neural responses to food cues.
To determine if ghrelin influences brain regions associated with reward and motivation in feeding.

Main Methods:

Intravenous administration of ghrelin to healthy volunteers.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during exposure to food pictures.
Correlation analysis between neural responses and self-rated hunger.

Main Results:

Ghrelin increased neural responses to food pictures in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior insula, and striatum.
These brain regions are involved in encoding the incentive value of food cues.
Ghrelin's effects on the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex correlated with subjective hunger levels.

Conclusions:

Metabolic signals like ghrelin can promote food consumption.
Ghrelin enhances hedonic and incentive responses to food-related cues.
This highlights the interplay between metabolic state and the brain's reward system in regulating feeding behavior.