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IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...

IR Spectrum

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections towards Improving Pathology

High-definition Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections towards Improving Pathology

Published on: January 21, 2015

Fourier transform-infrared microspectroscopy and microscopic imaging.

Samuel Gourion-Arsiquaud¹, Paul A West, Adele L Boskey

¹Mineralized Tissue Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|May 9, 2008

Summary

Osteoporotic bone is more fragile than healthy bone. Infrared spectroscopy can detect differences in bone quality, aiding in osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment monitoring.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Orthopedics

Background:

Osteoporotic bone exhibits increased fragility compared to healthy bone in age- and sex-matched individuals.
Metabolic bone diseases, including osteoporosis, involve significant changes in bone tissue composition and structure.
Characterizing these changes is crucial for understanding disease progression and developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the utility of vibrational infrared spectroscopy, specifically infrared microspectroscopic imaging, for characterizing bone changes in osteoporosis.
To identify and validate spectroscopic parameters indicative of bone quality alterations in osteoporotic patients.

Main Methods:

Utilized infrared microspectroscopic imaging on biopsied bone tissues from osteoporotic and normal subjects.
Analyzed key bone quality parameters including mineral crystallinity, carbonate substitution, and collagen cross-linking.
Defined validated infrared (IR) parameters specific to bone's mineral and matrix components.

Main Results:

Spectroscopic analysis revealed significant differences in bone quality measures between osteoporotic and normal subjects.
Key parameters such as mineral crystallinity, carbonate substitution, and collagen cross-linking were found to differ.
Validated IR parameters allow for quantification of spatial variations in bone quality.

Conclusions:

Infrared microspectroscopic imaging is a valuable tool for assessing bone fragility and characterizing metabolic bone diseases like osteoporosis.
Defined IR parameters can quantify bone quality and monitor therapeutic effects in osteoporotic bone.
This technique offers a promising approach for personalized osteoporosis management.