Historical trends of neuroendoscopic surgical techniques in the treatment of hydrocephalus

The treatment of hydrocephalus nowadays is still a challenge for neurosurgery. Neuroendoscopy is a valuable alternative of the CSF shunts in hydrocephalus management. Because of the complicated and always changeable pathophysiology of hydrocephalus, the history of the endoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus is also a history of severe frustrations, great expectations, and significant achievements. The historical milestones and state of the art of neuroendoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus are reviewed for each of its surgical techniques: choroid plexus coagulation, third ventriculostomy, aqueductoplasty, septostomy, foraminal plasty of the foramen of Monro, and foraminal plasty of the foramen of Magendie. The future trends of neuroendoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus such as robotics, image-guided neuroendoscopic surgical techniques, treatment "in utero", application of stem cell therapy, implementation of new technological solutions, and so on are discussed in the light of the approaching end of the century of neuroendoscopy.