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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence
12:08

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

Published on: May 22, 2013

Human telomere structure and biology.

Harold Riethman1

  • 1The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. Riethman@wistar.org

Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
|May 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human telomeric DNA exhibits significant variability, influencing gene regulation and deletion susceptibility. Understanding subtelomeric DNA structure and RNA

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Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • Human telomeric DNA is characterized by complex and highly variable sequences.
  • Subterminal DNA regions contain cis-acting elements regulating allele-specific tract length and susceptibility to deletion.
  • Extensive subtelomeric regions feature segmental duplications and copy number variations, contributing to population-level structural diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the necessity of a detailed understanding of telomeric DNA sequence organization and structural variation.
  • To highlight the importance of tracking allele-specific subterminal and subtelomeric features crucial for human biology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human telomeric and subtelomeric DNA sequences.
  • Investigation of RNA transcripts originating from telomere regions, including noncoding RNAs.
  • Examination of the role of specific RNA families, such as (UUAGGG)n-containing subterminal RNAs, in telomere integrity.

Main Results:

  • Identified complex and variable structures within human subtelomeric DNA, including segmental duplications and copy number variations.
  • Described RNA transcripts from telomere regions, including multicopy protein-encoding genes and various noncoding RNAs.
  • Highlighted a specific family of (UUAGGG)n-containing subterminal RNAs essential for telomere integrity, associating with telomeric chromatin and regulated by RNA surveillance factors.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of human telomeric DNA sequence organization and structural variation is critical.
  • Detailed knowledge is essential for comprehending and monitoring allele-specific features in subterminal and subtelomeric regions.
  • These features play a vital role in fundamental aspects of human biology.