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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4⁺ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Human Th17 cells.

Sergio Romagnani¹

¹Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 85 Firenze 50134, Italy. s.romagnani@dmi.unifi.it

Arthritis Research & Therapy

|May 10, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New T helper 17 (Th17) cells, crucial for immunity and autoimmune diseases, develop differently in humans versus mice. Human Th17 cells may also relate to Th1 cells, impacting autoimmune disorder research.

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Inflammation Research

Background:

Discovery of a novel CD4+ T helper cell lineage, Th17, producing IL-17.
Th17 cells play a role in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and immune regulation.
Murine Th17 cells originate from T regulatory cells influenced by TGF-β and IL-6.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the origin and characteristics of Th17 cells in humans.
To compare human Th17 cell development with murine models.
To clarify the relationship between Th17 cells and Th1 cells in human autoimmune disorders.

Main Methods:

Analysis of CD4+ T helper cell populations.
Cytokine profiling (IL-17, interferon-gamma, IL-4).
Investigation of cellular differentiation pathways influenced by cytokines (TGF-β, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-23, IL-12).

Main Results:

Human Th17 cell development differs from mice, primarily driven by IL-1β and IL-23.
Human Th17 cells can co-produce IL-17 and interferon-gamma.
Human Th17 clones exhibit plasticity, producing interferon-gamma upon IL-12 stimulation, suggesting a Th1-Th17 developmental link.
IL-4 and IL-25 inhibit human Th17 cell development, suggesting Th17 cells are not involved in allergic IgE-mediated disorders.

Conclusions:

Human Th17 cell development is distinct from murine models.
A potential developmental relationship exists between human Th17 and Th1 cells.
Th17 cells are unlikely to be involved in human allergic IgE-mediated diseases.