Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this principle...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Crossroads of Neurodegeneration: Exploring the Overlap Between Alzheimer's Disease and Depression.

Cureus·2026

Same author

Extracellular Diffusion of Tau Protein Is Slower Than Similar-Sized IgG Protein and Dextran Polysaccharide in Entorhinal Cortex but Not in Prefrontal Cortex.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026

Same author

Addressing Psychosocial Syndemic Conditions to Improve HIV Testing among Men Who have Sex with Men in Chandigarh, India: Results from a Quasi-Experimental Implementation Research Study.

Indian journal of public health·2026

Same author

Cribriform Adenocarcinoma of the Nasal Cavity Harboring a Novel <i>NAP1L1::PRKD1</i> Fusion, Expanding the Molecular Landscape of Minor Salivary Gland Tumors.

Case reports in pathology·2025

Same author

Advancing Care in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Treatments and Their Impact on Quality of Life.

Cureus·2025

Same author

A pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a mobile phone counselling intervention for perinatal women living with HIV and depression in India.

Oxford open digital health·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

Published on: July 24, 2017

Characterizing molecular probes for diffusion measurements in the brain.

Gurjinder Kaur¹, Sabina Hrabetova, David N Guilfoyle

¹Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

|May 10, 2008

Summary

This study evaluated molecular probes for brain diffusion imaging. Neither tetramethylammonium (TMA+) nor hexafluoroantimonate (SbF(6)-) proved ideal, highlighting challenges in combined magnetic resonance (MR) and real-time iontophoresis (RTI) diffusion measurements.

More Related Videos

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

Published on: July 24, 2017

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biophysics
Medical Imaging

Background:

Magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion imaging is standard for brain diffusion evaluation.
MR struggles to differentiate extracellular and intracellular signals.
Real-time iontophoresis (RTI) exclusively detects extracellular diffusion.

Purpose of the Study:

To define requirements for molecular probes used in both MR and RTI.
To assess tetramethylammonium (TMA+) and hexafluoroantimonate (SbF(6)-) as potential probes.

Main Methods:

Evaluated probe properties in rat neocortical slices (normal and ischemic).
Assessed probes in solutions and agarose gel.
Examined stability, cellular interaction, and signal detection for MR and RTI.

Main Results:

TMA+ was stable but rapidly accumulated intracellularly.
SbF(6)- showed limited cell penetration but was unstable, especially under ischemia and heat, and reduced extracellular volume.
Neither probe met all ideal criteria for combined MR and RTI diffusion studies.

Conclusions:

Existing probes like TMA+ and SbF(6)- have limitations for combined MR and RTI brain diffusion imaging.
Understanding these probe limitations aids interpretation of existing MR data.
Further development of dual-modal diffusion probes is needed.