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Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

Conservation of Mass in Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

Conservation of Mass in Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

Stormwater detention basins are essential in managing runoff during heavy rainfall, particularly in urban areas where impervious surfaces increase the risk of flooding. Understanding the conservation of mass in these systems allows engineers to optimize basin performance, balancing inflow, outflow, and water storage.
In the context of a detention basin, the conservation of mass states that the total mass of water entering the basin must equal the mass leaving the basin plus any accumulation of...

Types of Coprecipitation

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Linear Approximations

Linear Approximations

For a differentiable function of two variables, linear approximation estimates values near a known point by replacing the curved surface with its tangent plane. Consider the function\begin{equation*}f(x,y)=x^2+3y^2\end{equation*}near the point (2, 1). The exact value at this point is f(2, 1) = 22 + 3(1)2 = 4 + 3 = 7.The linear approximation of f(x, y)) near (a, b) is\begin{equation*}L(x,y)=f(a,b)+f_x(a,b)(x-a)+f_y(a,b)(y-b)\end{equation*}First, compute the partial derivatives: fx(x, y) = 2x and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Published on: April 3, 2014

Understanding road surface pollutant wash-off and underlying physical processes using simulated rainfall.

Prasanna Egodawatta¹, Ashantha Goonetilleke

¹School of Urban Development, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia. p.egodawatta@qut.edu.au

Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research

|May 13, 2008

Summary

Understanding pollutant wash-off from roads is crucial for urban stormwater management. This study found that particulate density, not size, is key, and developed a modified exponential equation to model the process.

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Published on: August 8, 2014

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Published on: April 3, 2014

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

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Published on: May 15, 2017

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Published on: August 8, 2014

Area of Science:

Environmental Engineering
Hydrology
Water Quality Management

Background:

Pollutant wash-off from urban surfaces is a significant contributor to stormwater pollution.
Existing knowledge on pollutant wash-off processes, particularly from road surfaces, is limited.
Effective urban stormwater treatment design necessitates a deeper understanding of wash-off dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate pollutant wash-off from residential road surfaces.
To address limitations in current knowledge and overcome challenges posed by urban surface heterogeneity and natural rainfall variability.
To develop a more accurate model for predicting pollutant wash-off.

Main Methods:

Utilized small road surface plots to simulate pollutant wash-off.
Employed artificially simulated rainfall to control experimental conditions.
Analyzed the influence of pollutant characteristics and rainfall parameters on wash-off rates.

Main Results:

The initial amount of pollutants on road surfaces had a limited impact on the wash-off process.
Pollutant wash-off can be modeled using an exponential equation, requiring a modified 'capacity factor' (CF).
Particulate density was identified as a more critical factor than particle size in pollutant wash-off.

Conclusions:

The study provides a refined model for pollutant wash-off from road surfaces, incorporating a capacity factor (CF) specific to different rainfall intensities.
Findings highlight the importance of particulate density in understanding and managing urban stormwater pollutant loads.
The research contributes to improved strategies for urban stormwater treatment design and water quality protection.