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Related Concept Videos

Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Formation of Species01:31

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.Allopatric SpeciationIn allopatric speciation, gene flow between two populations of the same species is prevented by a geographic barrier, like...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Chromosome pairing affinity and quadrivalent formation in polyploids: do segmental allopolyploids exist?

J Sybenga

    Genome
    |December 1, 1996
    PubMed
    Summary

    Polyploid hybrids with related genomes exhibit autopolyploid meiotic behavior with sufficient pairing affinity. Allopolyploids form when differentiation prevents pairing or through genetic mechanisms, with segmental allopolyploids showing reduced multivalent formation.

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    Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

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    Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
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    Preparation of Meiotic Chromosome Spreads from Mouse Oocytes for Assessment of Synapsis and Recombination
    09:24

    Preparation of Meiotic Chromosome Spreads from Mouse Oocytes for Assessment of Synapsis and Recombination

    Published on: July 18, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Genetics
    • Cytology

    Background:

    • Polyploid hybrids with closely related genomes can exhibit complex meiotic behaviors.
    • Understanding the genetic and chromosomal mechanisms governing polyploid formation is crucial for plant breeding and evolutionary studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the meiotic behavior of polyploid hybrids during selfing and sib-breeding.
    • To differentiate between autopolyploid and allopolyploid formation based on chromosomal pairing affinity and genetic factors.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of meiotic chromosome pairing in polyploid hybrids.
    • Assessment of homoeologous pairing and multivalent formation.
    • Evaluation of genetic factors influencing chromosome transmission.

    Main Results:

    • Polyploid hybrids with sufficient genome affinity display autopolyploid meiotic behavior.
    • Complete differentiation or specific genetic factors lead to allopolyploid formation.
    • Segmental allopolyploids may arise with reduced multivalent formation due to preferential pairing.

    Conclusions:

    • Meiotic behavior in polyploid hybrids is determined by genome differentiation and pairing affinity.
    • Established polyploids are typically autopolyploids or allopolyploids.
    • The existence of stable segmental allopolyploids with mixed differentiation remains a theoretical possibility requiring further investigation.