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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica
11:02

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Published on: July 9, 2015

Partial oxidations with NO(2) catalyzed by large gold particles.

Mark Turner1, Owain P H Vaughan, Richard M Lambert

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|May 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Large gold particles effectively catalyze alkene epoxidation using nitrogen dioxide (NO2) under mild conditions. Oxygen adatoms are identified as the probable active species driving this catalytic process.

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Area of Science:

  • Heterogeneous catalysis
  • Surface chemistry
  • Oxidation reactions

Background:

  • Alkene epoxidation is a crucial transformation in organic synthesis.
  • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can act as an oxidant, but its catalytic applications are often limited by harsh conditions.
  • Gold nanoparticles are known catalysts for various oxidation reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the catalytic activity of large gold particles in alkene epoxidation using NO2.
  • To identify the active species responsible for the observed catalysis.
  • To explore the potential for mild reaction conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Heterogeneous catalytic reactions involving alkenes and NO2 over supported gold nanoparticles.
  • Surface characterization techniques to analyze the gold particles and adsorbed species.
  • In situ/operando spectroscopy to probe reaction intermediates.

Main Results:

  • Large gold particles demonstrated significant catalytic activity for alkene epoxidation with NO2.
  • The reaction proceeded efficiently under mild temperature and pressure conditions.
  • Evidence suggests that oxygen adatoms formed on the gold surface are the key active species.

Conclusions:

  • Large gold particles are effective catalysts for NO2-mediated alkene epoxidation.
  • The catalytic mechanism likely involves oxygen adatoms on the gold surface.
  • This work opens avenues for developing novel catalytic systems for selective oxidation reactions.