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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Correlations02:20

Correlations

Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills
06:52

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills

Published on: September 17, 2019

Longitudinal associations between reading and mathematics achievement.

Kevin J Grimm1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. kjgrimm@ucdavis.edu

Developmental Neuropsychology
|May 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Strong early reading skills predict faster math gains. Students with better reading comprehension in third grade showed greater improvement in problem-solving and conceptual math by eighth grade.

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Early reading proficiency is crucial for academic success.
  • Understanding the longitudinal relationship between reading and math development is vital for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between early reading comprehension and subsequent changes in mathematics achievement.
  • To determine if higher reading skills in elementary school predict accelerated math gains through middle school.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study analyzing third-grade reading comprehension and mathematics achievement from third to eighth grade.
  • Latent growth models used to assess changes in three math components: Problem Solving and Data Interpretation, Mathematical Concepts and Estimation, and Mathematical Computation.
  • Third-grade reading and global math scores served as predictors, controlling for gender, poverty, and ethnicity.

Main Results:

  • Third-grade reading comprehension positively predicted changes in all three mathematics components.
  • Significant effects were observed for Problem Solving and Data Interpretation and Mathematical Concepts and Estimation.
  • Reading comprehension showed negligible effects on Mathematical Computation, but significant positive associations with conceptual understanding and application of math.

Conclusions:

  • Early reading comprehension is a significant predictor of growth in mathematics skills, particularly in conceptual understanding and problem-solving.
  • Interventions strengthening early reading may positively impact mathematics development.
  • Findings underscore the interconnectedness of literacy and numeracy in academic trajectories.