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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
06:07

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Published on: October 22, 2020

Smoke exposure increases the risk for multiple sclerosis.

P Sundström1, L Nyström, G Hallmans

  • 1Department of Neurology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. peter.sundstrom@neuro.umu.se

European Journal of Neurology
|May 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Exposure to smoking, indicated by cotinine levels, significantly increases the risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). Even modest exposure, including passive smoking, is linked to higher MS risk, particularly in women.

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Published on: February 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Environmental Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease with complex etiology.
  • Environmental factors, including smoking, are suspected contributors to MS risk.
  • Biomarkers of smoke exposure, such as cotinine, can quantify exposure levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between nicotine metabolite (cotinine) levels and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To quantify the risk of MS associated with varying levels of smoke exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cotinine levels in biobank samples from 109 MS cases and 218 matched controls.
  • Statistical analysis to estimate odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) for MS risk based on cotinine levels.
  • Subgroup analysis by sex and timing of sample collection relative to MS onset.

Main Results:

  • Elevated cotinine levels, even modest ones, were significantly associated with an increased risk for MS (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.3-6.3).
  • A similar, though non-significant, risk increase was observed in samples collected before MS onset.
  • The association between elevated cotinine and MS risk was more pronounced in women (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 1.3-12).

Conclusions:

  • Smoke exposure is linked to a higher risk of MS than previously recognized.
  • A potential threshold effect exists for cotinine levels in relation to MS risk.
  • Passive smoking may contribute to MS risk, and smoke exposure could explain the higher MS incidence in women.