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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

PR-Set7 establishes a repressive trans-tail histone code that regulates differentiation.

Jennifer K Sims1, Judd C Rice

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.

Molecular and Cellular Biology
|May 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel histone code involving monomethylated histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20) and H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) regulates gene transcription. This pathway represses genes like RUNX1, impacting hematopoietic differentiation and megakaryopoiesis.

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Published on: January 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and transcriptional regulation.
  • Histone modifications and their role in gene expression.
  • Cellular differentiation mechanisms.

Background:

  • Posttranslational modifications of histones are crucial for eukaryotic transcription.
  • A novel trans-tail histone code involving monomethylated histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20) and H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) was previously identified.
  • The mechanisms establishing this code and its functional role in transcription remained unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms establishing the H4K20 and H3K9 monomethylation histone code.
  • To investigate the functional role of this histone code in transcriptional regulation in vivo.
  • To determine the implications of this pathway in cellular differentiation, specifically megakaryopoiesis.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the dependency of H3K9 monomethylation on the PR-Set7 H4K20 monomethyltransferase.
  • Utilized in vivo models to study the binding of monomethylated H4K20 to the L3MBTL1 repressor protein.
  • Analyzed the impact of H4K20 loss on RUNX1 promoter activity and gene transcription.
  • Examined the role of H4K20 in human K562 multipotent cell line differentiation.

Main Results:

  • H3K9 monomethylation depends on PR-Set7, but not its catalytic activity, suggesting PR-Set7 recruits an H3K9 methyltransferase.
  • Monomethylated H4K20 binds L3MBTL1 to repress genes, including RUNX1, a key regulator of hematopoietic differentiation.
  • Loss of monomethylated H4K20 at the RUNX1 promoter leads to L3MBTL1 displacement and increased RUNX1 transcription.
  • Absence of monomethylated H4K20 in K562 cells correlates with spontaneous megakaryocytic differentiation, partly via RUNX1 activation.

Conclusions:

  • A novel repression pathway involving monomethylated H4K20 and L3MBTL1 is identified, regulating specific gene transcription.
  • This pathway is essential for proper megakaryopoiesis and likely plays a role in other multipotent cell differentiation processes.
  • The findings reveal a new layer of epigenetic control over cellular differentiation.