Improving outcome in meningococcal disease: don't forget compartment syndrome!

To advocate a surgical intervention that can prevent the loss of limbs in patients with meningococcal disease.

Case report.

Pediatric intensive care unit.

A 4-month-old male infant presenting with acute circulatory failure due to meningococcal disease.

Measurements of compartment pressures of all extremities and echo-Doppler of peripheral arteries were performed at regular intervals, starting at admittance to the pediatric intensive care unit. After compartment syndrome in the lower extremities was diagnosed, emergency surgical intervention (fasciotomy and arteriolysis) was performed in the intensive care unit.

During surgery, the compartments initially revealed pale, poorly perfused tissue. After decompression, immediate bulging of the muscles and restoration of microcirculation were seen. All digits were spared, and muscle compartments remained vital with exception of the tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus muscles in the left leg. Several ecchymoses and purpura of the lower extremities caused skin necrosis, necessitating skin transplants. No other surgical intervention was required.

In meningococcal disease, compartment syndrome can occur within hours after initial presentation due to massive capillary leakage and circulatory failure. Immediate surgical intervention is the gold standard in treatment, making early recognition vital. In all patients presenting with meningococcal disease, compartment syndrome should be considered and early monitoring included in the initial evaluation.